coturnix

Coturnix is a genus of small, ground-dwelling quails in the family Phasianidae. It includes several species, notably the common quail (Coturnix coturnix) and the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Taxonomic status varies: some authorities treat C. japonica as a separate species; others treat it as a subspecies of C. coturnix.

These birds are compact, about 15–20 cm long and weighing roughly 70–140 g. Plumage is brown and cryptic with fine streaks, providing camouflage in grasses and leaf litter. Males and females look similar, though females are typically larger and paler.

The common quail ranges across Europe, western Asia, and parts of Africa; the Japanese quail is native to East Asia. They inhabit grasslands, farmlands, and open fields, often preferring edges and areas with cover.

They are opportunistic ground foragers, feeding mainly on seeds and grains and supplemented by insects during the breeding season. They often occur in small coveys outside the breeding period and may sprint short distances when alarmed.

Nesting is on the ground, with clutches usually containing 6–12 eggs. Incubation lasts about 16–18 days, typically by the female, while the male may guard the territory. Chicks are precocial and leave the nest soon after hatching.

Coturnix quails have strong ties to human activity, especially the Japanese quail, which has been domesticated for meat and eggs since the 20th century. Domestic strains mature rapidly and are widely kept in agriculture and as small-scale pets.

Most Coturnix species are not globally threatened, though local declines occur due to habitat loss and hunting. Conservation status varies by species and region.