coreperipherysemiperiphery

Core-periphery-semi-periphery is a framework in world-systems theory used to describe how nations are positioned in the global economy according to power, wealth, and control over production. The model emphasizes that international economic relations are structured and hierarchical, with influence shaped by trade terms, capital flows, technology, and political power. It accounts for persistent inequality among states and the potential for mobility within the system.

Core states are highly industrialized, diversified, and technologically advanced. They generate high-value goods and services, possess strong institutions, and exert significant influence over global markets and rules. Periphery states are less developed, often reliant on raw materials or low-wage, labor-intensive production, and they typically have weaker institutions and less control over terms of trade. Semi-periphery states occupy an intermediate position, both exploiting the periphery and being exploited by the core. They may exhibit mixed development patterns, urbanization, and attempts at industrial upgrading, while still remaining integrated into unequal global relations.

The triad interacts through trade, investment, and migration, reinforcing a system of unequal exchange. The semi-periphery can act as a cushion that absorbs shocks and provides opportunities for some states to move toward the core, though such moves are not guaranteed and depend on factors like technology, governance, and capital accumulation. Shifts within the triad are common over time, reflecting changes in competitiveness, colonial and postcolonial legacies, and global economic cycles.

Critics argue that the model can be overly deterministic and neglect internal diversity within regions, non-economic determinants, and variations across sectors. Nevertheless, it remains a foundational lens for analyzing global inequality, development trajectories, and the politics of economic power.