Semiperiphery

Semiperiphery is a term from world-systems theory used to describe a set of states that occupy an intermediate position between the core and the periphery in the global capitalist system. Core states are economically dominant and extract surplus through high-value production and finance, while peripheral states are dependent and pushed to supply raw materials and labor. Semiperipheral states participate in both sides of this relationship, exploiting cheaper labor and resources in peripheral regions while themselves being exploited or subordinated by core states.

Economically, semiperipheral countries typically display more diversified economies than periphery countries, with manufacturing, export processing, and services contributing significantly to GDP. They often experience urbanization and rising domestic markets, but also persistent inequality, political volatility, and dependence on external capital and terms of trade. Politically, these states may wield regional influence and act as mediators or buffers within the system; their rising power can challenge core blocs, yet they are not immune to cycles of crisis that can push them toward core or periphery.

Position within the system is dynamic. Shifts in technology, policy, or global demand can move a country toward core status through industrial upgrading, or toward the periphery if investment dries up or debt constrains growth. Examples commonly cited as part of the semiperiphery include large mid-income economies such as Brazil, Mexico, India, and South Africa, as well as other countries that exhibit mixed development paths.