consociationalism

Consociationalism is a theory of governance for deeply divided societies that aims to secure stability through power-sharing among the major social segments. It emphasizes accommodating group interests and preventing one's group from being outweighed by others in political decision-making.

Four core mechanisms are commonly cited: a grand coalition of leaders from all major groups; mutual veto rights on sensitive issues; proportionality in representation, resources, and public jobs; and segmental autonomy, allowing groups to govern their own cultural or regional affairs.

Origin and proponents: The concept was developed by political scientist Arend Lijphart in the late 1960s and is most fully elaborated in his works, notably Consociational Democracy (1969) and Democracy in Plural Societies (1977). It is intended for plural or 'consociational' societies where identities are durable and elites can negotiate inclusive bargains.

Typical examples include Switzerland, with its linguistic cantons and direct-democratic elements; Lebanon's historical confessional system; Northern Ireland under power-sharing arrangements; and Bosnia and Herzegovina's Dayton-era structures.

Critics argue that consociationalism can entrench elite bargains, tolerate or reproduce gridlock, and hamper majoritarian accountability or rapid reform. It may also fail if key groups refuse cooperation or if demographic shifts undermine the basis of parliamentary representation. Proponents contend that it offers a pragmatic framework where winner-take-all systems risk civil conflict.