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Conservatism is a political and social philosophy that emphasizes the preservation of traditional institutions, values, and customs. It is often characterized by a belief in the importance of personal responsibility, limited government intervention, and the maintenance of social order. Conservatives typically advocate for policies that support free markets, low taxes, and strong national defense. They often prioritize the role of religion in public life and may support measures to protect traditional family structures.

The term "conservative" originated in the 18th century to describe those who opposed the radical changes proposed by the French Revolution. Over time, the meaning of conservatism has evolved, with different interpretations emerging in various countries and cultures. In the United States, for example, conservatism is often associated with a more libertarian approach, emphasizing individual rights and limited government. In contrast, European conservatism tends to be more socially traditional, focusing on the preservation of social hierarchies and cultural norms.

Conservatism is not monolithic and encompasses a wide range of views and ideologies. Some conservatives may be more socially liberal, while others may be more economically liberal. Despite these differences, conservatives generally share a commitment to the preservation of existing institutions and values, and a belief in the importance of tradition and continuity.