confusionem

Confusionem is a Latin noun representing the state or result of confusion, disorder, or muddlement. It is the accusative singular form of confusio, the abstract noun meaning “confusion,” and it commonly functions as the direct object in clauses describing disorder or mixture.

Etymology and morphology: Confusionem derives from confusio, which in turn comes from the verb confundere “to confuse, to mix together.” Confusio is a third-declension feminine noun; its accusative singular is confusionem, with the genitive confusionis and the other standard case forms typical of third-declension nouns.

Usage: In Classical and later Latin, confusionem appears in contexts ranging from concrete disorder (a crowd in confusion) to abstract perplexity of ideas. It may occur with verbs such as facere “to make” or with adjectives describing the degree or character of confusion, signaling a state or act of confusion rather than an action performed by a subject. As a lexical item, it is primarily a noun denoting a state, and it is often contrasted with terms for order or clarity.

See also: confusio; confundere; Latin grammar of third-declension nouns. In Latin dictionaries and scholarly uses, confusionem is treated as the inflected form of confusio rather than a separate lexical entry, and it is encountered in a wide range of genres where discussion of disorder or perplexity is appropriate.