conductortoground

Conductor to ground, in electrical engineering, denotes a conductor that is intentionally connected to the earth to establish a reference potential and provide a low-impedance path for fault currents. The arrangement, known as a grounding system, helps limit touch voltages and enables protective devices to operate during insulation faults.

Common forms include the protective earth conductor (PEC) that connects electrical devices’ enclosures to earth, and the equipment grounding conductor (EGC) that runs with branch circuits to metal parts that could become energized. A grounding electrode conductor (GEC) links the building's grounding system to earth electrodes such as rods, plates, or a building metallic water piping system. Bonding conductors connect noncurrent-carrying metalwork to the grounding network to reduce potential differences.

Standards specify sizing, materials, and installation practices. In many countries, standards include the NEC (or local codes) and IEC 60364 family. Requirements cover conductor sizing based on fault current, permissible ground resistance, and methods for installing earth electrodes and grounding rings. Systems may follow TT, TN, or IT earthing arrangements that define how the conductor-to-ground path relates to the supply neutral and earth.

Design considerations include soil resistivity, moisture, and electrode arrangement, as well as corrosion protection and environmental exposure. The effectiveness of the conductor-to-ground path is verified through measurements of grounding resistance or impedance, often using the fall-of-potential method.

Failure or degradation of grounding increases shock risk and can compromise fault-clearing. Regular inspection and maintenance ensure continued safety and compliance.

See also: grounding, earthing, protective earth, bonding, electrical safety standards.