condors

Condors are large scavenging birds in the family Cathartidae, native to the Americas. The term typically refers to two living species: the Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) of the high Andes and the California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) of western North America. They are among the largest flying birds, with wingspans that can exceed two and a half meters. Adults are mostly black, with distinct bare heads; the Andean condor has a white neck ruff and white flecks on the wings, while the California condor shows large white patches on the underside of its wings.

Distribution and habitat vary by species. The Andean condor ranges along the Andean mountains from Colombia to northern Argentina and Chile, typically in open mountainous and grassland areas where thermals aid soaring. The California condor inhabits parts of the western United States and Baja California, preferring rugged cliff faces for nesting and open country for foraging. Both species rely on expansive terrains and minimal human disturbance for successful foraging and nesting.

Behavior and ecology. Condors are obligate scavengers, feeding on carcasses of large mammals. They soar for long periods using thermal updrafts, aided by keen eyesight. Breeding is slow; adults form long-term pairs and typically lay a single egg every year or two. The chick is dependent on parents for an extended period before fledging, and juveniles remain with relatives for several years before reaching maturity.

Conservation status and threats. The California condor is listed as critically endangered, while the Andean condor is considered near threatened. Primary threats include lead poisoning from ingestion of spent ammunition, habitat loss, poisoning from contaminated carcasses, and collisions with human infrastructure. Conservation efforts encompass captive breeding, reintroduction programs, lead ammunition reduction, and protection of critical habitat.