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Colorectal cancer, often referred to as colon cancer when specifically discussing the large intestine, is a type of cancer that begins in the colon or the rectum. It is one of the most common cancers worldwide. It typically develops from precancerous growths called polyps, which can form on the inner lining of the colon or rectum. While many polyps are benign, some can become cancerous over time.

The exact causes of colorectal cancer are not fully understood, but several risk factors have been identified. These include age, with risk increasing significantly after 50, and a personal or family history of colorectal polyps or cancer. Inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis also increase the risk. Lifestyle factors like a diet low in fiber and high in red and processed meats, physical inactivity, obesity, smoking, and heavy alcohol consumption are also associated with a higher likelihood of developing the disease.

Symptoms of colorectal cancer can vary and may not appear until the cancer is advanced. Common signs include a persistent change in bowel habits, such as diarrhea, constipation, or a narrowing of the stool, as well as rectal bleeding or blood in the stool. Unexplained abdominal pain, cramping, or gas, and a feeling that the bowel does not empty completely can also be indicators. Unexplained weight loss and fatigue are also possible symptoms.

Screening tests are crucial for early detection, as colorectal cancer is often treatable when found at an early stage. These tests can detect polyps before they become cancerous or find cancer early enough for successful treatment. Common screening methods include colonoscopy, fecal occult blood tests, and sigmoidoscopy. Treatment options depend on the stage of the cancer and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these.