collectivisme

Collectivisme, or collectivism, describes doctrines and practices that give priority to groups over individuals. It encompasses political, economic, and cultural perspectives in which the welfare and goals of the collective—family, community, nation, or state—guide decisions, sometimes at the expense of individual autonomy. In sociology and political science, it contrasts with individualism and is associated with cooperation, common ownership, or collective responsibility.

Historically, collectivism arises in religious communities, tribal structures, and socialist thought. In modern politics, it is linked to movements seeking collective ownership of the means of production and central planning, as well as to cooperatives and social-democratic policies that balance rights with welfare. The concept also appears in cultural discourse, stressing obligation to the group and harmony.

Variants include economic collectivism (ownership and planning), political collectivism (group goals in governance), and cultural collectivism (duties and conformity). Different ideologies—some strands of socialism, communism, or nationalism—articulate varying mixes of these dimensions.

Critics argue that excessive collectivism can limit freedom and innovation or breed bureaucracy; supporters say it reduces inequality and provides protection. The balance between collective welfare and individual rights remains a central political question.

In cross-cultural research, collectivism is measured as a dimension opposing individualism (as in Hofstede). The term is contested and varies by region, often reframed as solidarity, social capital, or communal responsibility rather than a single ideology.