coercition

Coercion, sometimes spelled coercition, is the act of compelling a person or group to act in a way they would not voluntarily choose, typically through threats, force, or pressure. It contrasts with voluntary compliance achieved through persuasion or cooperation.

Coercion can take multiple forms. Physical coercion relies on violence or the threat of violence; psychological coercion uses intimidation, manipulation, or informational control; economic coercion involves deprivation of assets, sanctions, or withheld resources; legal or institutional coercion relies on laws, regulations, or bureaucratic power to compel behavior.

Contexts for coercion vary. In politics and international relations, coercion is studied as a tool of statecraft, including deterrence and coercive diplomacy. In law, duress is a recognized defense when a person commits a crime under threat. In social life, coercion can occur within families, workplaces, or communities, often raising concerns about autonomy and consent.

Assessments of coercion focus on legitimacy, proportionality, necessity, and the availability of alternatives. Critics argue that coercive practices frequently erode trust and rights, while supporters contend that some coercive measures are necessary to prevent harm or maintain order. The line between coercion and legitimate enforcement can be contested.

See also: duress, intimidation, coercive diplomacy, leverage, power.