coalitie

Coalitie is a formal alliance between two or more political parties that agrees to govern together, usually within a parliamentary system. In Dutch-language contexts, the term 'coalitie' specifically denotes the governing coalition—the set of parties that control a parliamentary majority and support the government’s program.

Forming a coalition typically follows elections in which no single party wins an outright majority. Parties negotiate a coalition agreement outlining policy priorities, red lines, and the allocation of ministerial posts. The agreement helps coordinate legislation and provides a basis for cabinet stability.

Coalitions vary in composition. A grand coalition brings together two or more large parties; a minimum-winning coalition includes parties whose combined seats are just enough for a majority; a minority government governs with the understanding of confidence and supply or ad hoc support from others. Some coalitions rest on formal agreements, others operate with more informal support.

Once formed, the coalition governs and must maintain enough support in the parliament to avoid a vote of confidence or a collapse. Disagreements on policy can lead to cabinet resignations, reshuffles, or, in some cases, early elections. Coalitions can influence policy by bargaining power; smaller parties can win concessions in exchange for their support, while larger parties often bear broader responsibility.

Coalitions are common in multiparty systems with proportional representation and can affect governance speed, policy coherence, and public perception of accountability. Notable European examples include systems in the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, and Denmark, each with its own traditions of coalition negotiation and cabinet formation.