clayloam

Clay loam is a soil texture class defined by a substantial but not dominant amount of clay, combined with appreciable silt and some sand. It sits between clay and loam on the texture spectrum and is one of the widely recognized USDA textural classes.

Physical properties: The clay fraction provides high water and nutrient-holding capacity, while the silt fraction contributes to a lighter, more friable feel than pure clay. A well-structured clay loam forms aggregates that promote moderate infiltration and drainage; in wet periods it can become sluggish and may crust when bare. In drier times, it can crack if desiccated, though less severely than a heavy clay. Fertility tends to be moderate to high due to clay minerals and organic matter, and cation exchange capacity is higher than on sandy soils.

Formation and occurrence: Clay loam commonly develops in temperate regions and alluvial environments where weathering produces both clay and silt, and where organic matter inputs remain moderate. It is found in cultivated fields, pastures, and some forest soils.

Management: For agriculture and horticulture, clay loam is valued for fertility and relative workability compared to heavy clays. Management considerations include adding organic matter to improve structure, careful tillage to avoid compaction, maintaining residue cover, and, when necessary, liming to adjust pH. Drainage improvements or raised beds may be used on poorly drained sites.