claybrick

Claybrick is a masonry unit made from natural clay that is shaped and fired in a kiln. The clay commonly contains silica and alumina and may include tempering materials such as sand, grog, or organic fibers to improve plasticity and drying. After forming, bricks are dried and fired to mature temperatures, producing a dense ceramic product with defined color and strength.

Manufacture involves preparing raw material, forming bricks by moulding, extrusion, or pressing, then air-drying followed by firing in kilns. Firing temperatures typically range from about 900 to 1100 degrees Celsius, which drives off moisture and causes ceramic bonding. Finished bricks may be solid, hollow, or perforated, and surfaces may be smooth, textured, or glazed for decorative use.

Types and properties: Solid bricks are dense and load-bearing; hollow or cellular bricks reduce weight and improve insulation. Color varies with clay composition and firing temperature, commonly red, brown, or yellow tones. Some bricks are designated for high strength (engineering bricks) or for facing applications with enhanced surface quality.

Uses and performance: Clay bricks are widely used in exterior and interior walls, arches, veneer facades, pavements, and landscaping. They provide fire resistance, thermal mass, and durability; their moisture absorption and porosity influence mortar compatibility and weather performance.

History and standards: Fired clay bricks have ancient origins in Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley and became common worldwide through later civilizations. Standards and dimensions vary by country and region, with numerous brick types defined for structural, facing, and decorative use. Sustainability considerations include embodied energy in production and the long service life of brick structures.