citterns

A cittern is a plucked string instrument that has been popular in Europe since the late medieval period. It typically features a flat-backed, lute-shaped body, though variations exist. The number of strings can vary, but commonly it has ten strings arranged in five courses, with each course containing two strings tuned in unison or octaves. This tuning method is similar to that of a lute or a guitar.

The cittern belongs to the zither family of instruments and is related to instruments like the mandore, bandora, and orpharion. Historically, citterns were made in various sizes and often featured intricate inlay work. They were played with a plectrum, producing a bright and clear tone.

During the Renaissance and Baroque periods, citterns were used in both solo and ensemble settings. They were particularly popular in England and Italy. While their prominence declined with the rise of the guitar and other instruments, the cittern experienced a revival in the 20th century, with modern luthiers creating new versions and musicians exploring its repertoire. Contemporary players often use citterns in folk music and early music ensembles, appreciating its distinctive sound and historical significance.