circulaie

Circulaie is an oral pharmaceutical agent approved for the treatment of peripheral arterial disease and related circulatory disorders. It is chemically classified as an endothelin receptor antagonist, a class of drugs that inhibit the vasoconstrictive effects of endothelin-1, thereby promoting vasodilation and improving blood flow. The active ingredient in Circulaie is the salt form of bosentan, which was developed through a collaboration between the pharmaceutical company Novartis and the research institution of St. Gallen in Switzerland. The formulation is produced under Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) conditions and is available in tablet form with a typical dosage of 125 mg taken once daily, with possible titration to 250 mg if tolerated.

The mechanism of action involves blockade of both endothelin type A and endothelin type B receptors on vascular smooth muscle. This dual blockade reduces endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, decreases oxidative stress, and improves microcirculation. Clinical trials have demonstrated that patients receiving Circulaie experience significant improvements in walking distance during treadmill testing, as well as reductions in symptoms such as claudication and rest pain. The safety profile of the drug is well characterised; common adverse effects include headache, dizziness, nasal congestion and mild transaminase elevations. Contraindications include pregnancy, active liver disease, and significant hepatic impairment (Child‑Pugh class C). The product is contraindicated in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to endothelin receptor antagonists.

Pharmacokinetically, Circulaie has an oral bioavailability of approximately 60 %, a peak plasma concentration reached 3–5 hours after ingestion, and an elimination half‑life of 10 hours. The drug is metabolised primarily through the cytochrome P450 1A2 pathway, and care must be taken when co‑administered with strong CYP1A2 inhibitors or inducers. Circulaie is taken independently of meals to optimise absorption. Routine monitoring of liver function tests and renal parameters is recommended during therapy.