ciklooxigenáz

Cyclooxygenase, often abbreviated as COX, is a crucial enzyme involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. These signaling molecules play significant roles in various physiological processes, including inflammation, pain, fever, and blood clotting. There are two main isoforms of cyclooxygenase: COX-1 and COX-2.

COX-1 is constitutively expressed in most tissues and is responsible for producing prostaglandins that protect the stomach lining, maintain kidney function, and aid in platelet aggregation. It is often referred to as the "housekeeping" enzyme due to its essential physiological roles.

COX-2, on the other hand, is primarily induced at sites of inflammation by inflammatory mediators such as cytokines. It produces prostaglandins that contribute to the inflammatory response, leading to pain and fever.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin and ibuprofen, exert their therapeutic effects by inhibiting COX enzymes. By blocking the activity of COX-2, NSAIDs reduce inflammation, pain, and fever. However, inhibition of COX-1 can lead to gastrointestinal side effects, such as stomach ulcers, due to the reduced production of protective prostaglandins. Selective COX-2 inhibitors were developed to target inflammation more specifically while minimizing gastrointestinal toxicity, although they have also been associated with cardiovascular risks. The understanding of cyclooxygenase pathways has been pivotal in the development of drugs for pain, inflammation, and cardiovascular diseases.