chloraminebased

Chloraminebased refers to processes or products that use chloramines as the active disinfecting agent. In water treatment, chloramine-based disinfection is a common alternative to free chlorine. Chloramines are formed by reacting free chlorine with ammonia in controlled proportions, typically producing monochloramine as the primary species for drinking water; dichloramine and trichloramine may form at higher chlorine-to-ammonia ratios and pH.

Chloramine-based disinfection offers several advantages. It provides a more persistent residual disinfectant in potable-water distribution systems, helping limit microbial growth between treatment plants and consumers. It generally forms fewer disinfection byproducts, such as trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids, compared with free-chlorine systems. It also tends to cause fewer taste and odor issues at comparable disinfection levels.

Limitations and challenges include the fact that chloramines are a weaker disinfectant against certain pathogens, often requiring longer contact times and potentially higher dosages for some contaminants. The process requires careful control of pH and monitoring to maintain the desired chloramine species and residual. Ammonia and chloramines can interact with some pipe materials and can foster nitrification in distribution systems if not properly managed. Ongoing monitoring is also needed to prevent nitrifying bacteria growth and to manage potential byproducts.

Implementation considerations involve dosing strategies and water chemistry adjustments. Chloramine-based systems typically require source water adjustments or controlled ammonia dosing, along with careful management of chlorine feed, pH, and residual monitoring to maintain safety, efficacy, and regulatory compliance.