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chirurgic

Chirurgic is an adjective pertaining to surgery. In modern English, the standard term is surgical; chirurgic appears chiefly as an archaic or variant form found in older medical literature and in some European languages configured with Latin roots. The word derives from Latin chirurgicus, via French chirurgical, from Greek cheir (hand) and ergon (work).

Historically, surgery began as manual wound care and evolved into a regulated medical specialty. Important developments

Contemporary usage centers on surgical practice. Modern surgery encompasses general surgery and numerous subspecialties such as

include
the
adoption
of
sterile
technique,
anesthesia,
and
antisepsis
in
the
19th
century,
which
greatly
reduced
infection
and
mortality.
Over
time,
advances
in
imaging,
instrumentation,
and
understanding
of
anatomy
expanded
the
scope
and
safety
of
procedures.
The
term
chirurgic
survives
mainly
in
historical
contexts
or
as
a
descriptor
in
some
languages.
orthopedic,
cardiovascular,
neurosurgical,
plastic,
and
pediatric
fields.
Techniques
have
progressed
to
minimally
invasive
approaches,
including
laparoscopy
and
endoscopy,
as
well
as
microsurgery
and
robotic-assisted
procedures.
Image-guided
and
robotic
technologies
aim
to
increase
precision
and
reduce
recovery
times.
Perioperative
care,
anesthesia
administration,
aseptic
technique,
and
postoperative
management
remain
core
components
of
surgical
practice.