chavrutah

Chavruta (also chavrutah), from Hebrew ḥavruta meaning companionship or fellowship, is a method of study in Judaism in which two learners study a text together. Partners typically examine a passage from Talmud, a halakhic code, or other rabbinic literature, reading, questioning, and testing each other’s interpretations. The practice emphasizes dialogue, logical analysis, and the development of a shared understanding or legal conclusion.

Originating in the Talmudic and rabbinic study traditions, chavruta has long been central in yeshivas and other Jewish schools. It remains common in Orthodox communities and is also used in varied Jewish educational settings, including contemporary colleges and informal study groups. The format is flexible: there are no fixed roles, and partners may alternate leading readings, posing questions, and refining arguments. Some groups produce a joint summary or verdict, while others focus on exploring multiple positions. Texts can range from primary sources such as Talmudic pages to commentaries like Rashi or Tosafot, as well as modern rabbinic writings.

Benefits include deeper comprehension, improved retention, enhanced critical thinking, and the ability to articulate and defend positions. Chavruta also promotes collaborative skills, mutual accountability, and familiarity with alternate viewpoints. Variations exist, from highly structured sessions with guiding questions to open-ended conversations. Today, the chavruta method is widely used in person and online, reflecting its role as a core approach to interpreting and applying Jewish texts through encounter and dialogue.