ceterum

Ceterum is a Latin term derived from the phrase *ceterum censeo*, which translates to "but I think" or "however, I believe" in English. The phrase is famously associated with the Roman statesman and orator Cicero, who reportedly used it in the Senate to introduce a personal opinion or counterargument, often in contrast to the prevailing view. The phrase is also linked to the Roman general Julius Caesar, who allegedly concluded his famous dictum *Veni, vidi, vici* ("I came, I saw, I conquered") with *ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam*—"but I think Carthage must be destroyed." This line underscored his belief that Carthage posed an enduring threat to Rome, even after its defeat in the Second Punic War.

The term *ceterum* itself functions as an adverb meaning "besides," "furthermore," or "in addition," often used to introduce an additional point or qualification. In modern usage, it appears in phrases like *ceterum censeo* to convey a personal or contrasting perspective. The phrase has been referenced in literature, politics, and historical discourse to highlight a shift in tone or emphasis, particularly when someone deviates from a collective or conventional stance.

While *ceterum censeo* is often cited in discussions of Roman rhetoric and political strategy, its exact historical usage remains debated among scholars. The phrase exemplifies Cicero’s rhetorical style, which prioritized clarity, persuasion, and the articulation of nuanced arguments. Today, it serves as a literary and historical reference, illustrating the importance of individual judgment in decision-making and debate.