cello

The cello, short for violoncello, is a bowed string instrument in the violin family. It originated in the Italian Renaissance, with early forms developed in the 16th century by makers such as Andrea Amati; subsequent refinements by Stradivari and Guarneri contributed to its modern design. The body is larger and deeper than other members of the violin family, held between the knees while seated, supported by an endpin that rests on the floor.

The instrument has four strings, typically tuned from lowest to highest as C2, G2, D3, and A3. It is played with a bow drawn across the strings or, less commonly, plucked (pizzicato). Left-hand fingers stop the strings to create different pitches; players use methods such as vibrato, shifting, and various left-hand positions. Modern cellos may use a range of materials for strings and tailpieces; some players use steel-core strings or synthetic-core strings and different bows.

The cello has a central role in orchestras and in chamber music, and it is also documented in a substantial solo repertoire. Important works include Bach’s six cello suites, and concertos by Haydn, Boccherini, Dvořák, Elgar, and Shostakovich, among others. The instrument is versatile in tone and range, capable of singing melodies in the tenor and bass ranges and contributing bass lines.

Sizes vary; orchestral players use 4/4 cellos, while students and players of smaller bodies may use 1/2 or 1/4 sizes. Modern makers include historical names such as Amati, Stradivari, Guarneri, and modern luthiers. Electric cellos exist as well for amplified performances.

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