catocalis

Catocalis is a genus of moths in the family Noctuidae, commonly known as the **underwing** or **underwing moths**. The name "Catocalis" is derived from the Greek words *kata*, meaning "downward," and *kalos*, meaning "beautiful," referring to the striking underwing patterns that are often brightly colored and contrasting with the upper wings. These moths are widely distributed across various regions, including Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas, with some species adapted to diverse habitats such as forests, grasslands, and deserts.

The adults of the Catocalis genus typically have a wingspan ranging from 30 to 50 millimeters, though some species may vary. Their upper wings are usually duller in color, often brown or gray, which helps them blend into their surroundings during the day. The underwings, however, are often vividly colored in shades of orange, yellow, or white, which are displayed when the moths are at rest or in flight. This coloration serves as a form of camouflage when the moths are perched on tree trunks or bark, as the underwing pattern mimics the bark’s texture and color.

Many Catocalis species are nocturnal, with adults emerging primarily at night to feed on nectar from flowers. Their larvae, or caterpillars, are typically caterpillar-like in appearance and feed on a variety of plant species, including grasses, shrubs, and trees. Some species are known agricultural pests, as their larvae can defoliate crops or ornamental plants. However, others play a role in natural ecosystems by serving as prey for birds, bats, and other predators.

The genus includes several well-known species, such as *Catocalis consanguinea*, commonly called the **lesser broad-bordered yellow underwing**, and *Catocalis nupta*, the **broad-bordered yellow underwing**. These species are often studied for their ecological roles and as indicators of environmental health. Conservation efforts may focus on protecting their habitats, particularly in regions where deforestation or urbanization threatens their populations.