castanheirodaíndia

Castanheiro da Índia, also known as horse chestnut, is a deciduous tree of the family Sapindaceae, commonly cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. Its scientific name most often cited in horticulture is Aesculus hippocastanum, though related species such as Aesculus indica may be used in cultivation. The tree is valued for its large, attractive form and its palmate leaves.

Description and characteristics: castanheiro da Índia can reach substantial size, frequently growing 20 to 30 meters tall. It features palmately compound leaves with 5 to 7 leaflets. In spring it bears large panicles of white flowers, sometimes with a pinkish tinge. The fruit is a spiny capsule that splits to reveal a glossy brown seed, commonly called a conker. The seeds are distinctive but not edible and contain compounds that can be toxic if ingested in significant amounts.

Uses and medicinal relevance: extracts from the seeds and other parts of the plant have been used to produce aescin (also called escin), a saponin with venotonic and anti-edema properties. Such preparations are used in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency and related conditions in some pharmacopoeias. Raw seeds and other parts of the tree are not suitable for consumption due to their toxicity.

Distribution and cultivation: native to southeastern Europe and parts of Western Asia, the castanheiro da Índia is widely planted in parks and streets across temperate zones. It prefers full sun to partial shade and well-drained soil. It tolerates urban conditions but can be susceptible to pests and diseases such as leaf scorch, powdery mildew, and aphids. Propagation is typically by seed or grafting.

Toxicity and safety: all parts of the tree contain toxic compounds; ingestion can cause gastrointestinal distress and other harmful effects. Handling the tree generally poses little risk, but seeds should be kept away from children and pets.