caseindicating

Caseindicating is a linguistic term referring to any morphological or syntactic device that marks the grammatical case of a noun phrase, signaling its syntactic function such as subject or object. It covers both inflectional endings attached to nouns or pronouns (often found in synthetic languages) and separate words or particles that accompany a noun to signal its case (typical of analytic languages).

Caseindicating can be classified by morphology. In synthetic systems, case is marked directly on the noun or its related pronoun through inflections, yielding forms for nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, and other cases. In analytic systems, case is indicated by prepositions or postpositions in combination with fixed word order. Some languages exhibit a mix, using inflection for certain cases and adpositional marking for others.

The typological landscape includes languages with nominative-accusative alignment, where subject and object are distinguished by case, and ergative-absolutive languages, where the syntax marks the agentive part of a transitive clause differently from the patientive part of an intransitive clause. Caseindicating markers thus help identify grammatical roles, relations between nouns and verbs, and argument structure.

Illustrative examples appear across language families. German relies on a combination of noun endings and articles to signal case; Russian uses noun endings to encode several cases; Finnish and Turkish employ extensive suffix systems to mark cases directly on the noun. English, by contrast, uses limited pronoun case forms such as I/me or he/him and relies largely on word order for other relations.

The study of caseindicating informs syntax, typology, historical linguistics, and language learning, influencing parsing, translation, and instructional approaches.