canyoneering

Canyoneering, also spelled canyoning, is an outdoor adventure sport in which participants descend into canyons by a combination of hiking, scrambling, rappelling, and natural rock climbing, often involving swimming or wading through water-filled sections. The activity can be pursued as a day trip or a multi-day expedition, and it may involve river crossings, canyon navigation, and the use of fixed anchors or natural rock features for ropework.

Participants typically wear a helmet, harness, and appropriate footwear, and carry ropes, descenders, and protection for anchors. Depending on the canyon, rubber wetsuits or drysuits may be worn for insulation. Ropework may include abseiling (descending on a rope), prusiking, edge protection, and top-rope ascents when required. Many routes rely on fixed anchors such as bolts or natural features, while others require portable protection.

Canyoneering presents hazards including flash floods, cold water, hypothermia, slippery surfaces, rockfall, and navigation mistakes. Weather awareness, knowledge of canyon conditions, and appropriate permits or guides are important. Participants should be trained in rope techniques, self-rescue, and environmental ethics to minimize impact on fragile ecosystems.

Regions and history: The activity is popular in North America, Europe, Australia, and parts of Asia, with notable canyons in Utah, Arizona, the Alps, Dolomites, and the Blue Mountains. The modern practice developed in the late 20th century, with terminology varying by region (canyoning in Europe, canyoneering in the United States). It emphasizes a continuous progression through terrain using a mix of hiking, scrambling, and rope-based descents.