cannabinoideja

Cannabinoideja, cannabinoids, are a diverse group of chemical compounds that interact with the endocannabinoid system in animals, including humans. They can be produced endogenously as signaling molecules (endocannabinoids), extracted from plants such as cannabis (phytocannabinoids), or synthesized in laboratories for research or medical use. Their activity is often linked to modulating pain, mood, appetite, immune function, and other physiological processes.

The endocannabinoid system includes cannabinoid receptors, primarily CB1 and CB2, along with endogenous ligands such as anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Endocannabinoids are produced on demand and act as neuromodulators, influencing neurotransmitter release and neuronal excitability. CB1 receptors are abundant in the central nervous system, while CB2 receptors are more common in peripheral tissues and immune cells. Cannabinoids exert part of their effects by activating or modulating these receptors, but they can also affect other targets, including ion channels and various enzymes.

Phytocannabinoids are the cannabinoids found in cannabis and related plants. The most well-known are Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive component; cannabidiol (CBD), which is non-intoxicating and may modulate the effects of THC; cannabinol (CBN); cannabigerol (CBG); and cannabichromene (CBC). Their pharmacological profiles vary, with different affinities for CB1 and CB2 and additional interactions with non-cannabinoid receptors and signaling pathways.

Applications and regulation vary widely. Medically, cannabinoids are used for analgesia, antiemesis, inflammation, and certain neurological conditions, among others, though efficacy and safety depend on the compound, dose, and context. Regulatory frameworks differ by country, ranging from strict controls to approved medical products containing cannabinoids. Research continues to clarify therapeutic potential and risk.