calloused

Calloused is an adjective describing skin that has become thickened and hardened in response to repeated friction or pressure. Medically, this thickened epidermal layer is called a callus or hyperkeratosis. The term can also describe someone who has become emotionally insensitive or unfeeling, a figurative use that is common in everyday language.

Causes and common locations

Calluses typically form on the hands, fingers, feet, and toes where there is ongoing rubbing, gripping, or weight-bearing pressure. Common situations include manual labor, sports, handling tools, playing musical instruments, or wearing ill-fitting shoes. Diabetes and peripheral neuropathy can increase the risk of complications from foot calluses.

Types and distinguishing features

A general skin callus covers a broad area and may feel rough or dry. A corn is a more localized, raised patch with a central core that can be painful. Plantar calluses form on the sole of the foot, sometimes under the ball or heel, and tylomas is a term sometimes used for thickened areas on the sole.

Diagnosis and treatment

Most calluses are diagnosed by clinical examination. Treatment focuses on removing excess keratin and preventing recurrence. At home, use moisturizers and keratolytic agents (such as salicylic acid or urea-containing creams) as directed. Mechanical removal with pumice or a foot file can help, followed by protective padding or footwear changes. More persistent or painful lesions should be evaluated by a healthcare professional, especially if cracks, bleeding, or signs of infection are present.

Prevention and complications

Preventive measures include wearing properly fitted shoes, using protective gloves or pads, and regular foot care. Complications can include fissures, infections, or, in diabetics, more serious foot problems requiring medical attention.