búfala

The búfala, commonly referred to as the water buffalo, is a large domesticated bovine native to South and Southeast Asia. It is traditionally divided into two main groups: river buffalo and swamp buffalo. River buffaloes are generally taller and more slender, adapted to drier, warmer diets, while swamp buffaloes are stockier with broad horns and thrive in wet, marshy environments. The species is kept for milk, meat, draft work, and hides, and has been widely introduced beyond its native range.

Biology and appearance: Water buffaloes are ruminants with a four‑chambered stomach. Their coats are typically gray to black, and horns vary in shape by type and region. They are well adapted to hot climates and can browse on grasses and aquatic vegetation. Sexual maturity occurs in the early years, with a gestation period around 290 days and lactation lasting roughly 250–300 days. Milk produced by buffaloes is high in fat and protein compared with cow milk, supporting traditional dairy products.

Distribution and use: After domestication in the Indian subcontinent, buffaloes spread to China, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Europe, the Americas, and Africa. Major producers include India, China, Pakistan, Italy, Egypt, and Brazil. In many regions they are valued primarily for milk and dairy products (such as mozzarella and paneer) but are also used for meat and as draft animals in some farming systems. Conservation status varies by region, with ongoing efforts to improve health, welfare, and productivity.