byelections

A byelection, or by-election, is an election held to fill a vacancy in an elected office that arises between general elections. The term is used in several Commonwealth countries and other jurisdictions. By-elections typically fill seats in parliaments, regional or local councils, and other elected bodies. The vacancy triggers a separate electoral contest rather than waiting for the next general election.

Causes of a vacancy include the death of an officeholder, resignation, disqualification, or in some cases creation of a seat through redistricting. A member may also be disqualified for reasons such as holding dual offices or accepting an incompatible public post. In some systems, vacancies can be filled via recall procedures or other mechanisms rather than by a traditional by-election.

Process: Once a vacancy occurs, an election timetable is set by the relevant authority. Nominations are opened for candidates, campaigning is conducted, and polling is held on a designated day. The candidate who receives the most votes is typically elected to serve the remainder of the original term; in some systems, certain thresholds or runoff rules may apply.

Impact: By-elections maintain representation between general elections and can alter the balance of power in a parliament or council. Turnout is often lower than in general elections, and results can be influenced by transient issues or public sentiment at the time of the vacancy.

Regional practice varies. In the United Kingdom, byelections fill seats in the House of Commons. In Canada and Australia, federal and provincial or state by-elections are common. In the United States, the term “special election” is more commonly used to fill most federal and many state vacancies, with specific rules varying by state.