bronkoskopiaan

Bronkoskopian, also known as bronchoscopy, is a medical procedure that enables direct visualization of the airways using a bronchoscope. The instrument may be flexible or rigid and is inserted through the nose or mouth. The procedure can be performed under local anesthesia with sedation or under general anesthesia, depending on the indication and patient factors.

It is used for diagnostic evaluation of persistent cough, hemoptysis, unexplained imaging findings, and suspected airway lesions. Bronchoscopy allows collection of diagnostic samples, including bronchial brushings, biopsies, and bronchoalveolar lavage. It can also be performed therapeutically for foreign body removal, mucus clearance, dilation of stenoses, stent placement, and localized treatments such as laser, cryotherapy, or thermal ablation.

Flexible bronchoscopy is the common type and is typically performed via the nose or mouth; rigid bronchoscopy is less common and offers greater airway control in some cases. Procedures last 15 to 60 minutes and involve monitoring of oxygenation and vital signs. Preprocedure assessment and optimization reduce risks; anticoagulants may require adjustment.

Possible risks include bleeding, infection, pneumothorax, bronchospasm, hypoxemia, and adverse reactions to anesthesia. Contraindications include severe hypoxemia, uncontrolled coagulopathy, or other instability. Aftercare involves recovery in a monitored setting and guidance on returning to activities, with instructions on signs of complications.