botnetsnetworks

Botnets networks, commonly referred to as botnets, are networks of compromised computers and other internet-connected devices that are controlled remotely by an attacker, known as the bot herder. Each compromised device becomes a bot or zombie and can be commanded to perform coordinated actions without the owner's consent or knowledge. Botnets are used for various purposes and can span large parts of the internet.

Architecture: Bots connect to command-and-control (C2) infrastructure, which can be centralized (a few servers) or decentralized (peer-to-peer). Communication is often encrypted and uses lightweight protocols to avoid detection. A bot herder issues commands that are propagated through the network to carry out tasks.

Common activities: DDoS attacks, spamming, credential stuffing, data theft, click fraud, cryptocurrency mining, or spreading additional malware. The impact includes service disruption, direct financial loss, and reputational damage, as well as the spread of malware to new devices.

Lifecycle: Infection vectors include malware distribution via phishing, drive-by downloads, or exploiting vulnerabilities. Infected devices report to C2, receive updates, and may be configured to alternate between tasks. Botnets may be dismantled by law enforcement, security researchers, or self-cleaned; defenders may use sinkholing, takedown of C2 servers, or patching to disrupt operations.

Detection and defense: Network monitoring for unusual traffic patterns, DNS anomalies, and traffic to known bad hosts; endpoint protection; regular patching; user education; and incident response. Legal and ethical considerations revolve around unauthorized access, privacy, and harm caused by botnets.