bolesne

Bolesne is a Polish adjective meaning painful, distressing, or grievous. It is used to describe physical pain as well as emotional or moral suffering, and can characterize events, experiences, or conditions that are regarded as troubling or hard to endure. The word appears in everyday language, journalism, literature, and medical descriptions.

In Polish, adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in gender, number, and case. The base form bolesny is masculine singular; feminine form is bolesna, and neuter singular is bolesne. In plural, bolesni is used for masculine personal nouns, while bolesne is used for feminine and neuter nouns. For example, boleśna rana (a painful wound) and bolesne wspomnienia (painful memories).

Etymologically, bolesny derives from the noun ból, meaning pain, with a typical Slavic suffix that forms adjectives indicating a quality or relation. The adjective can pair with a wide range of nouns to express degrees of suffering or hardship.

Bolesne also has a related adverbial form, boleśnie, meaning “painfully” or “dreadfully,” used to describe how something is experienced or carried out. The word often appears in contrasts with terms that imply ease or relief, such as highlights of adversity, injury, or difficult choices.

See also: pain, pain-related terms in Polish, memory and emotion descriptors. The term bolesne is not typically a proper noun and does not denote a specific place or organization. It functions as a descriptive adjective within standard Polish vocabulary.