blepharospasmus

Blepharospasm is a neurological movement disorder characterized by involuntary, repetitive contractions of the eyelid muscles. This condition typically affects both eyes and can lead to forceful closure of the eyelids, a phenomenon known as blepharospasm. The exact cause of blepharospasm is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to abnormal functioning of the basal ganglia, a part of the brain involved in controlling movement. It is more common in women and typically begins in middle or older age.

Symptoms can vary in severity. Mild cases may present as increased blinking or eyelid twitching. In more severe cases, the involuntary contractions can be so strong that they cause the eyes to close completely, making it difficult or impossible to see. This can significantly impair vision and interfere with daily activities such as reading, driving, and working. Other symptoms can include light sensitivity (photophobia), eye irritation, and a feeling of dryness or grittiness in the eyes. Sometimes, involuntary movements can extend to other facial muscles, a condition known as Meige syndrome when combined with oromandibular dystonia.

Diagnosis is usually based on a clinical examination and the patient's reported symptoms. There is no specific test to diagnose blepharospasm. Treatment aims to reduce the severity of the involuntary muscle contractions and improve the patient's quality of life. Botulinum toxin injections are a common and effective treatment, temporarily paralyzing the affected muscles. Oral medications may also be prescribed, although their effectiveness can be variable. In severe, refractory cases, surgical procedures such as myectomy (surgical removal of eyelid muscles) may be considered.