biopolymery

Biopolymers are polymers derived from renewable resources or produced by living organisms. They can be bio-based, biodegradable, or both, and are often discussed in relation to conventional petrochemical plastics. A common framework classifies biopolymers by origin (bio-based vs fossil-based) and by degradation behavior (biodegradable vs non-biodegradable). Important examples include polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), cellulose, starch, alginates, and chitosan. PLA is produced from lactic acid via microbial fermentation and is widely used in packaging and disposable items; PHA is synthesized by bacteria and can biodegrade in soil, compost, or marine environments. Natural polymers such as cellulose and starch are renewable and find use in films, coatings, and composites.

End-of-life considerations are central to biopolymer discussions. Many biopolymers are designed to be biodegradable under specific conditions, but degradation depends on polymer structure, additives, and environmental context. Standards such as ASTM D6400 and EN 13432 guide compostability labeling.

Applications span packaging, medical devices and drug delivery, tissue engineering, agriculture, and textiles. Processing methods include extrusion, injection molding, film blowing, and 3D printing, with blends and compatibilizers used to tailor properties.

Sustainability assessments emphasize renewable feedstocks, energy use, land use, and disposal routes. Challenges include higher costs, feedstock competition with food production, and the need for clear labeling and compatible waste management infrastructure.