baptême

Baptême, or baptism, is a Christian rite of initiation that uses water to symbolize purification, the forgiveness of sins, and incorporation into the Christian community. The term comes from Greek baptizein, meaning to dip or plunge, and has evolved through Latin baptismum into French usage. In most traditions the rite is Trinitarian, invoking the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.

Historically, baptism emerged in early Christianity as a rite of purification and new birth associated with conversion and entry into the church. Over the centuries it developed into a central sacrament in many denominations, notably the Catholic, Orthodox, Anglican, and most Lutheran churches, where it is regarded as a means of grace. In many Protestant groups, baptism is viewed as an ordinance—an outward sign of an inward faith—rather than an essential means of grace, with emphasis on personal confession of faith.

Practices vary widely. The mode of water use can be immersion (full or partial), pouring (affusion), or sprinkling (asperse); immersion is common in several evangelical and Restorationist communities, while infant baptism is typical in Catholic, Orthodox, Anglican, and Lutheran churches. In many traditions the rite is preceded by catechesis or a commitment by the parents and godparents or sponsors, and it includes the priest or minister pronouncing words of blessing and invoking the Trinity, often with a baptismal name and signs such as oil or lighting of a candle.

Contemporary understanding of baptism differs among traditions. It is generally seen as a decisive act of incorporation into Christ’s body, with varying claims about its effects on salvation, forgiveness, and new life. Recognition of baptisms across denominations also reflects ongoing ecumenical dialogue.