baicalin

Baicalin is a flavone glycoside that occurs in several Scutellaria species, most notably Scutellaria baicalensis, a plant used in traditional Chinese medicine. Chemically, it is the 7-O-glucuronide of baicalein, a 5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone. In solution, baicalin can be hydrolyzed to baicalein and glucuronic acid.

Natural sources and traditional use: Baicalin is a major constituent of the dried root of Scutellaria baicalensis (huangqin) and is also found in other skullcap species. In traditional medicine, extracts containing baicalin are used for inflammatory conditions, fever, infections, and liver-related ailments, often as part of multi-herb formulations intended to support inflammation and hepatic function.

Pharmacology: In preclinical studies, baicalin and its aglycone baicalein have shown anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective activities, with additional reports of antiviral effects in vitro. Proposed mechanisms include inhibition of NF-κB and other inflammatory signaling pathways, modulation of MAP kinases, and scavenging of reactive oxygen species. While some studies suggest potential anticancer effects, clinical evidence remains limited.

Pharmacokinetics: Baicalin generally exhibits poor oral bioavailability due to limited absorption and extensive metabolism. In vivo, it is often deconjugated to baicalein by intestinal bacteria, after which baicalein undergoes further metabolism. Bioavailability and activity can vary with formulation and dosing.

Safety and status: Clinical evidence for efficacy is limited, and most information comes from traditional use and preclinical studies. Potential drug interactions, particularly with enzymes involved in glucuronidation or oxidation, have been noted, so use under medical supervision is advisable for individuals taking other medications.