azapirones

Azapirones are a class of psychoactive drugs that are structurally distinct from benzodiazepines and barbiturates. They are primarily used for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Unlike benzodiazepines, azapirones do not produce significant sedation, muscle relaxation, or anticonvulsant effects, and they have a lower potential for abuse and dependence. The most well-known azapirone is buspirone, which is marketed under brand names such as Buspar. Gepirone and ipsapirone are other azapirones that have been studied or used in some regions.

The mechanism of action of azapirones is thought to involve their activity as partial agonists at serotonin 5-HT1A receptors. They may also interact with other neurotransmitter systems, including dopamine receptors, though the precise contribution of these interactions to their therapeutic effects is not fully understood. Azapirones are typically taken orally and have a delayed onset of action, meaning that their anxiolytic effects may not be noticeable for several weeks after starting treatment. This distinguishes them from benzodiazepines, which provide rapid relief of anxiety symptoms.

Common side effects of azapirones include dizziness, nausea, headache, and nervousness. They are generally considered to be well-tolerated, and serious adverse effects are rare. Azapirones are not typically recommended for acute anxiety or panic attacks due to their delayed onset of action. Their use is generally limited to the long-term management of chronic anxiety. Withdrawal symptoms are uncommon with azapirones, even upon abrupt discontinuation.