1. **Dynamics processors**: These effectoren control the volume and dynamic range of an audio signal. Examples include compressors, limiters, noise gates, and expanders. Compressors reduce the dynamic range by attenuating loud signals, while limiters prevent signals from exceeding a certain threshold. Noise gates mute signals that fall below a specified level, and expanders increase the dynamic range by attenuating quiet signals.
2. **Equalizers (EQ)**: EQs adjust the balance between different frequency components of an audio signal. They can boost or cut specific frequencies to shape the tonal characteristics of a sound. EQs can be graphic, parametric, or shelving, each offering different control over the frequency spectrum.
3. **Time-based effects**: These effectoren manipulate the timing and duration of an audio signal. Examples include delay, echo, and reverb. Delay effects repeat an audio signal after a specified time interval, while echo effects create a series of repeating reflections. Reverb effects simulate the acoustics of a space, adding depth and ambiance to a sound.
4. **Modulation effects**: Modulation effectoren vary the parameters of an audio signal over time, creating movement and texture. Examples include chorus, flanger, phaser, and tremolo. Chorus effects thicken a sound by combining it with a slightly detuned copy, while flanger and phaser effects create sweeping, swirling sounds by combining the original signal with a delayed copy. Tremolo effects create a rhythmic pulsating effect by varying the volume of the signal.