ashshaytan

Ashshaytan, or ash-Shayṭān, is the term most often used in Islamic theology to denote the Devil or a class of malevolent beings. Etymologically, shayṭān comes from an Arabic root meaning adversary or obstruction, with the definite article ash- indicating the specific figure known in religious texts.

In Islamic belief, the Qur’an and hadith distinguish between a particular rebellious being named Iblīs and the broader category of shayāṭīn or devils. Iblīs was a jinn who refused to bow to Adam and was cast out of the heavenly realm. From then on, he vowed to mislead humanity and operates mainly through whispers (waswasa) and temptations. He does not compel; humans retain free will and may resist his influence. The term shayṭān can also refer more generally to demons or evil jinn, and the plural shayāṭīn denotes multiple such beings.

Protection against ash-Shayṭān is emphasized in practice. Muslims seek refuge in God by saying, “A’udhu billahi min ash-Shayṭān ir-rajīm,” and may recite verses or chapters believed to provide protection, such as Ayat al-Kursi and portions of Surahs Al-Falaq and An-Nas.

In broader Islamic literature and cultural contexts, ash-Shayṭān is used to symbolize temptation and moral distraction. The concept underscores the theological view that moral responsibility lies with individuals, who are urged to seek guidance, maintain righteousness, and persevere in spiritual discipline despite temptations.

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