anémii

Anemia, or anemii in some contexts, is a condition characterized by a lower than normal level of red blood cells or hemoglobin, resulting in inadequate oxygen delivery to body tissues. It is a sign rather than a single disease and can arise from various causes affecting red blood cell production, loss, or destruction.

Common types include iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, anemia of chronic disease, aplastic anemia, and hemolytic anemias such as those seen in sickle cell disease or thalassemias. Other less frequent forms are inherited or genetic disorders that affect hemoglobin synthesis or red cell survival.

Symptoms are often nonspecific and may include fatigue, weakness, pale or yellow-tinged skin, shortness of breath, dizziness, chest pain, cold hands and feet, or headaches. In severe cases, anemia can cause heart palpitations or heart failure.

Diagnosis typically starts with a complete blood count showing reduced hemoglobin and hematocrit, and may include measurements of red cell indices (such as mean corpuscular volume), reticulocyte count, iron studies, ferritin, vitamin B12 and folate levels, and a peripheral blood smear. Additional tests or bone marrow evaluation may be needed to determine the underlying cause.

Treatment depends on the cause. Iron deficiency is treated with iron supplementation; B12 or folate deficiencies are corrected with appropriate vitamins. Anemia related to chronic disease or kidney failure may require management of the underlying condition and sometimes erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. Severe or life-threatening anemia may require transfusion. Prevention focuses on dietary measures, screening and supplementation for at-risk groups, and managing chronic illnesses.