antiikesemete

Antiikesemete is a term used for medicines that prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting (emesis). These drugs act on central and peripheral pathways involved in the vomiting reflex and are employed across a range of clinical settings, including postoperative care, cancer chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and motion sickness.

Mechanisms and classes vary by target. Serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonists (for example ondansetron, granisetron) block vomiting impulses at the chemoreceptor trigger zone and in the gut. Dopamine antagonists (such as metoclopramide and prochlorperazine) reduce nausea by affecting central dopaminergic pathways and accelerating gastric emptying in some cases. Antihistamines (e.g., promethazine, dimenhydrinate) and anticholinergics (scopolamine) primarily blunt vestibular signals related to motion sickness. Corticosteroids (dexamethasone) are often used as adjuncts, particularly in chemotherapy-induced nausea. Other agents include neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists and various combination regimens.

Indications commonly include postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV/RINV), motion sickness, and some cases of gastroenteritis. In pregnancy, antiemetic choices are guided by safety profiles; pyridoxine with doxylamine is a common nonprescription option, while other antiemetics may be used under medical supervision.

Administration and safety considerations vary by drug. Antiikesemetes can be given orally, intravenously, intramuscularly, or via transdermal routes. Side effects depend on the agent and may include drowsiness, dry mouth, constipation, extrapyramidal symptoms, or QT interval prolongation. Use is tailored to the cause of nausea, patient factors, and potential drug interactions.