animus

Animus is a term with multiple meanings in philosophy, psychology, and literature. It derives from the Latin animus, meaning mind, spirit, or breath, and in English usage it can denote hostile feeling or ill will toward someone. In clinical and academic contexts it also refers to a specific Jungian concept describing a male inner principle within the female psyche.

In Jungian analytical psychology, animus denotes the masculine inner figure present in the unconscious of women, complementary to the anima, the inner feminine in men. The animus is thought to influence a woman’s attitudes toward men, rational thought, and actions. It may appear in dreams, fantasies, or projections as a male mentor, adversary, or authority figure. As part of the process of individuation, the animus can guide or challenge, contributing to the integration of the psyche by shaping perception, judgment, and behavior.

Criticism and interpretation: The concept has been influential but controversial. Critics argue that it relies on binary gender norms and essentialist ideas about masculine and feminine psychology. Many contemporary Jungian and post-Jungian writers reframe anima and animus as flexible, symbolic patterns of inner life that can apply across diverse gender identities, emphasizing personal development and individuation rather than fixed traits.

Other uses: Outside Jungian psychology, animus commonly denotes hostility or ill will toward an individual or group, and the term appears in broader literary and rhetorical contexts to describe motive or intent.