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An aneurysm is a localized, abnormal, outward bulging or ballooning of a blood vessel wall. This weakening in the vessel can occur in arteries or veins, but is most common in arteries. When an aneurysm ruptures, it can cause severe bleeding, which can be life-threatening.

Aneurysms can develop in various parts of the body, including the aorta, the largest artery in the body; the brain (cerebral aneurysm); the legs (peripheral aneurysm); and the spleen. The causes of aneurysms are diverse and can include genetic predisposition, atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), high blood pressure, trauma, infection, and certain medical conditions like Marfan syndrome.

Many aneurysms are asymptomatic, meaning they do not cause any noticeable symptoms until they grow large or rupture. Symptoms, when present, depend on the location and size of the aneurysm and can include pain, pulsating sensations, or neurological deficits if a cerebral aneurysm presses on surrounding nerves. A ruptured aneurysm is a medical emergency. Symptoms of rupture can include sudden, severe pain, a headache often described as the "worst headache of my life" for cerebral aneurysms, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and loss of consciousness.

Diagnosis typically involves imaging techniques such as ultrasound, CT scans, MRI, or angiography. Treatment strategies vary depending on the aneurysm's size, location, and the patient's overall health. Options range from watchful waiting for small, asymptomatic aneurysms to surgical or endovascular repair to prevent rupture.