aneurüsme

Aneurüsme, or aneurysm, is a localized dilation of a blood vessel wall caused by weakening of the vessel. It most often involves arteries and can occur in the aorta, brain, or peripheral arteries. Many aneurysms are asymptomatic until they enlarge or rupture.

True aneurysms involve all layers of the vessel wall; false (pseudoaneurysms) result from a breach with containment by surrounding tissue. Aneurysms can be fusiform (uniform widening) or saccular (a sac on one side).

Risk factors include atherosclerosis, hypertension, smoking, age, and certain connective tissue disorders such as Marfan syndrome. Other causes are infections, trauma, and congenital abnormalities.

Symptoms depend on location; many do not cause symptoms. Cerebral aneurysms may cause sudden severe headache; abdominal or thoracic aneurysms can cause back, chest, or abdominal pain or a pulsatile mass. Rupture causes life-threatening bleeding and shock.

Diagnosis relies on imaging. Ultrasound is common for abdominal aneurysms; CT angiography or MR angiography provides detailed information. Angiography may be used to plan treatment.

Treatment is based on size and risk. Small aneurysms may be monitored. Large or expanding aneurysms are repaired surgically or with endovascular techniques, such as stent grafts. Brain aneurysms may be clipped or coiled.

Prevention focuses on risk-factor management, including blood pressure control, smoking cessation, and lipid management. Prognosis depends on location and rupture risk; rupture is the most serious complication.