anergic

Anergic describes cells, particularly T lymphocytes, that fail to mount a normal immune response to their specific antigen despite receptor recognition. The term is used in immunology to denote a state of peripheral tolerance in which T cells become functionally inactivated rather than deleted. Anergy helps prevent autoimmunity by limiting unwarranted activation to self-antigens.

Anergy can be induced when a T cell receptor engages an antigen without appropriate costimulatory signals, such as CD28 engagement, or in environments lacking inflammatory cues. Other mechanisms include engagement of inhibitory receptors (for example CTLA-4 and PD-1), intracellular signaling defects that blunt calcium flux and transcription of IL-2, and a default pathway toward non-responder status. Anergic T cells may persist but remain unable to proliferate or produce key cytokines; under certain conditions they can regain function or be driven toward cell death.

Types and contexts of anergy include peripheral (clonal) anergy, in which mature T cells become nonresponsive, and B cell anergy observed in certain tolerance scenarios. Anergy plays a role in maintaining self-tolerance, transplantation tolerance, and the regulation of immune responses to persistent antigens. In disease, tumor-induced T cell anergy contributes to immune evasion, while reversing anergy is a goal of some immunotherapies.

Detection and clinical relevance: anergic cells show reduced proliferation and cytokine production after stimulation in vitro, and altered signaling events. Therapeutic strategies such as checkpoint inhibitors aim to overcome anergy by removing inhibitory signals, thereby restoring T cell responsiveness in cancer and other contexts. The concept remains central to understanding how the immune system balances responsiveness with tolerance.