anamnézy

Anamnéza, or anamnesis, in medicine refers to the process of collecting a patient’s medical history through a structured interview. It is a cornerstone of clinical assessment, complementing the physical examination and diagnostic testing. The term derives from Greek and describes gathering information about past illnesses, current symptoms, medications, allergies, and factors that may influence health.

The history typically covers several domains. The chief complaint is the primary issue prompting care. The history of present illness details onset, duration, progression, quality, severity, location, and factors that worsen or relieve symptoms, along with associated symptoms. Past medical history includes prior diseases, surgeries, hospitalizations, and ongoing treatments. Medication and allergy history identifies current drugs and potential adverse reactions. Family history assesses heritable risks, while social history explores lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol use, occupation, and living situation. A review of systems screens for symptoms across organ systems and helps uncover problems not initially volunteered.

Methods and practice vary. Anamnesis is obtained through patient interview, often aided by structured questionnaires or checklists. In pediatrics, input from parents or guardians is essential; in geriatrics, collateral information from caregivers may be needed. Clinicians pay attention to communication, cultural context, and confidentiality to obtain accurate information.

Limitations include recall bias, cognitive impairment, language barriers, and time constraints. Nevertheless, a thorough anamnesis informs differential diagnosis, guides testing and management plans, and supports preventive and longitudinal care. It is routinely integrated with examination findings and objective investigations to shape patient-centered outcomes.