amphetaminebased

Amphetamine-based refers to substances that contain the amphetamine chemical core or are chemically derived from amphetamine. This category includes pharmaceutical stimulants such as dextroamphetamine, mixed amphetamine salts (which combine different isomers), and lisdexamfetamine, as well as illicit substances such as methamphetamine. The term is not a formal regulatory classification in most systems but is used to describe compounds that share the amphetamine framework and pharmacological effects.

Pharmacology: Amphetamine compounds act primarily as indirect-acting monoaminergic stimulants. They promote the release of dopamine and norepinephrine from presynaptic terminals and inhibit their reuptake, increasing transmitter levels in the synaptic cleft. The resulting effects include heightened alertness, improved attention, increased energy and mood, and appetite suppression. Higher doses can produce cardiovascular stimulation, anxiety, insomnia, irritability, and agitation.

Medical uses and examples: In medicine, amphetamine-based drugs are used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy. Lisdexamfetamine is a prodrug that is converted to d-amphetamine in the body. Methamphetamine is approved in some jurisdictions for ADHD and obesity at low, carefully controlled doses, but it remains tightly regulated due to abuse potential. Historically, other amphetamine-like stimulants have been used for weight loss, though such use is now limited.

Risks and safety: Amphetamine-based substances carry a risk of dependence and abuse and can cause withdrawal symptoms. They may exacerbate psychotic symptoms and pose cardiovascular risks, including tachycardia and hypertension. They are contraindicated in certain conditions such as significant heart disease, uncontrolled hypertension, hyperthyroidism, and in combination with monoamine oxidase inhibitors.

Legal and regulatory status: Most amphetamine-based drugs are controlled substances; prescription-only in many countries. Specific scheduling and permitted indications vary by jurisdiction. Use is monitored to minimize abuse and adverse effects.