amperometrik

Amperometric analysis is an electrochemical technique used to measure the concentration of a substance in a solution by monitoring the current generated during an electrochemical reaction. The method relies on an amperometric sensor, typically an electrode, which detects changes in current as the target analyte undergoes oxidation or reduction. This technique is widely applied in fields such as chemistry, biochemistry, environmental monitoring, and clinical diagnostics due to its sensitivity and specificity.

In an amperometric setup, a working electrode, a reference electrode, and a counter electrode are immersed in a solution containing the analyte. A potential is applied between the working and reference electrodes, driving the oxidation or reduction of the target species at the working electrode surface. The resulting current, proportional to the analyte concentration, is measured and correlated to its concentration using calibration curves or standard methods. The technique often employs a three-electrode system to minimize interference and improve accuracy.

Amperometric sensors are commonly used in glucose monitoring for diabetic patients, where enzymes like glucose oxidase catalyze the oxidation of glucose, generating measurable current. Other applications include the detection of neurotransmitters, heavy metals, and pollutants in environmental samples. The method offers real-time analysis and can be highly selective when combined with specific recognition elements, such as enzymes or antibodies, immobilized on the electrode surface.

Key advantages of amperometric methods include high sensitivity, rapid response times, and the ability to operate under mild conditions. However, challenges such as electrode fouling, interference from other electroactive species, and the need for precise calibration must be addressed for reliable results. Variations of the technique, such as voltammetry and potentiometry, are often employed alongside amperometry to enhance analytical performance.