adolescent

Adolescent is a person in the transitional stage between childhood and adulthood. In contemporary usage, adolescence generally spans roughly ages 10 to 19, as defined by the World Health Organization, though some definitions extend into the early twenties to reflect extended education and maturation. The period begins with the onset of puberty and ends with the attainment of adult independence and social roles, which can vary by culture and context.

During adolescence, puberty triggers rapid biological changes driven by hormones. Growth spurts occur, secondary sexual characteristics develop, and sexual maturation proceeds. Brain development continues into the early twenties, with synaptic pruning and maturation of the prefrontal cortex affecting planning and impulse control, while emotional processing involves limbic circuits, contributing to heightened sensitivity and risk-taking.

Psychological and social development center on identity formation, autonomy, and evolving relationships. Adolescents navigate peer influence, family dynamics, and changing educational or career expectations. Mental health concerns such as anxiety and depression can arise, with risk factors including sleep disruption, stress, and social pressures. Protective factors include supportive relationships, stable routines, access to health care, and opportunities for meaningful participation in school and community life.

Health and well-being in adolescence emphasize preventive care, vaccination, sexual and reproductive health, nutrition, physical activity, and adequate sleep. Developmentally appropriate, confidential health services support autonomy while ensuring safety and informed consent. Attention to mental and behavioral health, substance use prevention, and healthy online behaviors is also important during this period.

Cultural and socioeconomic contexts shape how adolescence is experienced, including norms around education, gender roles, work, and rites of passage. Global approaches to adolescent health emphasize integrated care that supports physical, psychological, and social development.